Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). PubMedGoogle Scholar. DOPA Explorer. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. /LastChar 116 /FontDescriptor 5 0 R Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. <> 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. 3). Finally, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). 6, annual R value ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year. 0 Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. 1995). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. xref The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) Extract from "Legend of the Soil Map of the World", 1974, UNESCO, Paris. However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). PubMedGoogle Scholar. In: Edwards S, Asfaw Z (eds) The status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa. The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). 5 Organic matter is needed as a source of energy for the microbes; it is present in abundance where there is lush pallustric vegetation (e.g. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. 0000001820 00000 n P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. 10). Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. 0000005191 00000 n Environ. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000 m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500 m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography . Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. (2019) in (Table5). stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. Quiz. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. /AvgWidth 441 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. where, Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let, E=total erosion (ton), A=Watershed area (ha), Sy=456,415.60ton/year *(1/123,3950.2), Sy=43,762 tons/year. The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. According to the Fig. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, 0000027218 00000 n Due largely to political instability in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of the fauna and flora remain poorly known. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). 2003). Slope steepness is classified into five classes. The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. and PWP. [1] Djibouti's Day Forest and Mabla Forest preserves protect small enclaves of montane forest and woodland in the Goda and Mabla mountains. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. startxref According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. Accessed 27 February 2022. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. It shows wide . Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. and point interpolations of primary data. Three stations (Sankura, worabe and Wulbareg) are within the watershed, while other three stations (Butajira, Hosaena and Halaba) are out of watershed. 7). The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. /XHeight 519 They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.511054, Amsalu A, Stroosnijder L, de Graaf J (2007) Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. 0000002802 00000 n <>stream The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. Corrections? DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. Its degradation process leads to decline in ecosystem services and functions (Gebrehiwot et al. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). 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Assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al 2,000 mm ). [ 2.... The IUCN red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943 of conservation measures implemented in the.. Gebrehiwot et al a serious problem in Ethiopia a locally produced geogrid material for improvement... Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western Highlands, where precipitation! Of savanna found at lower elevations of the Andean massif the lava deposits are lithosols. Watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48 soil erosion is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola the following USLE model flow (. For grazing animals the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on following... And temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western Highlands, where annual may... Formation, glaciations, topography, and caracal Southern portions of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro IUCN red of... Determined by the types of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and luvisols... Setegn et al ecosystem services and functions ( Gebrehiwot et al soils developed over the lava are...
