Moore, known as "ideal . . Friends, family members, significant others, and anyone else important to you counts just the same as a complete stranger when making a moral decision. Philosophy , Volume 56 , Issue 218 , October 1981 , pp. To do so, lets look at a current example of limited resources, such as ventilators, in hospitals during the Covid-19 outbreak and how we may decide which patients should be allocated these resources. the consequences served the many. In the chapters that follow we shall cover these various ethical theories and their advantages and disadvantages or . The laboratory pursues research into chemical and biological warfare. Advantages: (1) Focuses on the development of habits that promote human excellence & happiness; (2) Recognizes how rational behavior requires being sensitive to the social & personal dimensions of life; (3) Rational" actions are not based on abstract principles but on moderation; (4) provides moral motivation rooted in disposition of Nonconsequentialism does not deny that consequences can be a factor in determining the rightness of an act. Consequentialism and deontology are two such theories that are classified under ethics of conduct, i.e., our behavior and the way we conduct ourselves. In some cases, Utilitarianism might sanction morally evil actions in order to achieve morally desirable consequences. Wooldridge79, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. It will be shown that in spite of the strengths of . to the greatest amount is generally accepted as the proper standard In response to this, a Utilitarian might adopt a rule, the general following of which will lead to better long-term consequences. This is a means justifies the end view of things. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The Terri Schiavo case was a huge start of the Right to Die movement, the underlying cause of Schiavos collapse was never given a diagnosis. In this case, his action will lead to good consequences, albeit indirectly. To disregard the interests, feelings, and desires of these individuals seems to be wrong. A common way to express this is . It seems that a Utilitarian would be forced to accept that eliminating this minority would increase the happiness for the majority of people, and would therefore be a moral action. It might, for example, cause a serious strain on his marriage, and make George unhappy, which will in turn affect his relationships with others. Benthams views are most closely aligned withact utilitarianism. He even developed a calculator to work out which actions were better or worse the felicific calculus. Consequentialism. it's hard to predict the future consequences of an act, in almost every case the most we can do is predict the probability of certain consequences following an act. Negative consequentialism is the inverse of ordinary consequentialism. Explain how the movie deals with consequentialism and non-consequentialism, particularly in the role the Pre-Cogs play in the movie and the idea behind Pre-Crime. What are the disadvantages of a clapper bridge? A non consequentialist wont think a lot while taking a decision, all they think while taking a decision is that whether this decision will benefit anyone or if it will harm anyone they forget the outcome related to it. The other concern people express is the tendency of consequentialism to use ends justify the means logic. Suppose that by killing X, an entirely innocent person, we can save the lives of 10 other innocent people, A consequentialist would say that killing X is justified because it would result in only 1 person dying, rather than 10 people dying, It seems sensible to base ethics on producing happiness and reducing unhappiness, It seems sensible to base ethics on the consequences of what we do, since we usually take decisions about what to do by considering what results will be produced. These variations are themselves derived in the same way as the general rules. Abstract. For it to meet this aim, the principles included within it must express values that all morally serious people share (or ought to share), and there must b One of the biggest advantages of Artificial Intelligence is that it can significantly reduce errors and increase accuracy and precision. The traditional critique of consequentialism is that consequentialists make assumptions about the future that simply cannot be verified or confirmed in advance. By asking us to maximise benefit for the largest number of people (or, for Peter Singer and other preference utilitarians, creatures who have preferences), we set aside our personal biases and self-interest to benefit others. good reasons for such a paradigm shift. This ignores the way in which that happiness is shared out and so would seem to approve of acts that make most people happy, and a few people very unhappy, or that make a few people ecstatically happy and leave the majority at best neutral. An older chemist who knows George tells George that he can get him a job in a laboratory. Communication Forum: The speed of communication becomes faster which is obtained through the web. Ethical theories are ways of telling right from wrong and include guidelines of how to live and act in an ethical way. My primary aim is to examine the validity of some of the claims made by consequentialists themselves on behalf of their own standpoint. BBC 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. It seems that a Utilitarian would inform us that George should take the job, for doing so will lead to better overall consequences than turning down the job. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Consequentialism. We have previously explored the theory of consequentialism and pondered a little about how consideration of the consequences of an action might be used as a means of making ethical decisions. pleasure is good and pain is bad take that belief and combine it This is the basis of duty based ethics, also known as deontology, which we will turn our attention to in the next post. for this article. Consequentialism has its types to evaluate . General Awareness is the basic tip for all such candidates so get a good grip on all general concepts of India & the World along with their pros and . He should not favour his or his familys interests as opposed to the interests of others who might be impacted by chemical and biological warfare. 1 Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism, Philosophical Quarterly 6 (1956), 3445. Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? Advantages of Computer : Multitasking- Multitasking is one among the main advantage of computer. A savior sibling is a child who is born to be genetically compatible with a sibling that is suffering from a life-threatening disease. Utilitarianism in this instance appears to give the morally incorrect answer. The claim most clearly and frequently made by consequentialists is that consequentialism is superior in rationality and therefore in . The diversity of these cultures cannot be said to be correct or incorrect. 30 January 2009. Reprinted in Foot (ed.) After a brief introduction to the problem, two key principlist positions, Kantian deontology and Utilitarianism, will be explored along with particularism to find the strengths and weaknesses of these positions. It also detracts from the value of individuals and their own interests and projects, other than when those are in line with the interests of the group. Consequentialism says that we can tell if an action is good based on whether it leads to good consequences. Utilitarianism suggests that the only item of intrinsic worth is happiness, but there are also other commodities that are worth considering. We can accurately measure the positive and negative consequences of each action we decide to take as a group. Virtue ethics, on the other hand, is considered more of a normative ethical theory. This page titled 4.3: Utilitarianism- Pros and Cons (B.M. Evaluating each decision would take too long. Consequentialism can Although we have sent astronauts to the moon multiple times, the top speeds for planetary transportation max out at 2,200 mph. Consequentialism, Deontology, and Distributive Justice. Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-7cttp Utilitarians do not provide a clear answer to this question. With a little help from Batman, Hank explains the principle of utility, and the d For more information on consequentialism and utilitarianism follow the links below: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill-moral-political/, https://ethics.org.au/ethics-explainer-consequentialism/, All Content is the property of Keerut Oberai unless stated otherwise or an external link.Made with Squarespace. This is the argument between moral principlists [1], and moral particularists. Speed - Now computer isn't just a calculating device. Results-based ethics produces this important conclusion for ethical thinking: This far-fetched example may make things clearer: The classic form of results-based ethics is called utilitarianism. Moral rules are properly construed as standards, not principles, of conduct. On the next ward is Patient A who has a curable disease and also is a suitable donor for the other patients. Consequentialism is the belief that the outcomes of actions, the consequences of certain normative properties decide the rightness or wrongness of the action. Thus, Utilitarianism is a theory that can easily help us reach decisions. The notion was first formulated by Gallie, Bryce in his paper Essentially Contested Concepts, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, LVI (1956).Google Scholar, 10 Plato, , Gorgias (Penguin Classics, 1960), 470474.Google Scholar. %PDF-1.3 consequences of certain normative properties decide the rightness Some may refer to the principle of utility as the greatest happiness principle. Our work is only made possible because of you. thing, by the rules of consequentialism, to murder that person and At an initial glance, Utilitarianism seems as if it would be a superior way to live a life full of good will, as it is focused on doing the most. Having life is something that provides value to people. For example, imagine I am hiding a Jewish family in my attic when the SS officers knock on my door. What parallels can be drawn between Veblen's educational theory and the current state of postsecondary education? This paper is not another attempt to refute, or even primarily to criticize, consequentialist accounts of moral assessment; though I shall indicate the kind of criticism of such accounts which I consider to be philosophically appropriate. Consequentialism has both practical and philosophical problems: And these are things that many think are relevant to ethical judgements. They can generate profit by creating goods and services for societal needs to gain personal benefits as the government doesn't have a regulatory role. Instead, Mill believed we should figure out which set of rules would create the most happiness over an extended period of time and then apply those in every situation. It will, for example, weaken the trust among members of a community, and destabilize the social relations of individuals within that community. 3 See Mabbott, J. D., Interpretations of Mill's Utilitarianism, Philosophical Quarterly 6 (1956), 115120CrossRefGoogle Scholar, or Foot (ed. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. murders this willing sacrifice so the gods might be appeased and Whenever we are faced with a decision, an act consequentialist will expect us to ask that question. In accepting the job, George prevents someone else who might indirectly harm others by promoting chemical and biological warfare from getting the job. A society that is based upon such deontological rules would be able to absolutely . Ethics applies to everyday life and is a key part in all law enforcement decision making. As what matters is only the end result, who is acting or how they arrive at the decisions they make is irrelevant. But this seems wrong, mainly because removing the minority from society would involve what many people take to be morally evil actions, which is another problem with Utilitarianism. and since my behaviour is based on my assessment of the consequences, should the rightness or wrongness of an act be assessed on what I thought was going to happen or what actually happened? Person can do multiple task, multiple operation at a same time, calculate numerical problems within few seconds. Sooner or later, after all diplomatic and political channels are exhausted to reach a solution, they begin to take up arms against the oppressor. The reason why utilitarianism offers such a promise as a societal approach is because it incorporates universal ethics and an objective manner. A full discussion of this would require much more space than I could devote to it here; an important contribution to the topic has been made by Bernard Williams in his Inaugural Lecture, Morality and the Emotions (London, 1965), reprinted in J. P. Casey (ed. It is for these reasons that Utilitarianism is a problematic moral theory. While the two problems above are serious issues with consequentialism as a workable moral system, the biggest problem is with the understanding of how consequences benefit either the individual or the society. Copy. Overall, the theory of Utilitarianism, while perhaps initially appealing, seems to have some serious flaws. If a universal law says "do not cheat," then under no . One might have good motives or reasons for performing a certain action, but an action is only considered morally good for a Utilitarian if it maximizes the consequences, or happiness, of a given situation. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Limitations A limitation of the ethical decision making models is that if the client and the counselor are not on the same page, it can potentially become a waste of time for both in attempting to resolve the ethical dilemma. It is commonly used in the utility principle to make judgments for the promotion of the wholesome goodness in people (McCarthy, 2001). This thought experiment is useful in considering the strengths and weaknesses of Utilitarianism. Indeed, if this colleague takes the job, he will pursue the research with great zeal. 20 See his paper Absolute Ethics, Mathematics and the Impossibility of Politics in Vesey, G. Consequentialism is the belief that the outcomes of actions, the consequences of certain normative properties decide the rightness or . Let us first begin with the strengths of the theory. What are the strengths and weaknesses of consequentialism? For what its worth, Georges wife is not against chemical and biological warfare. In this particular case, a foreign power decides to hear the cries of the oppressed and begins to lend its diplomatic and political support to make a moral claim for whatever sort of intervention to resolve the conflict. Consequentialism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Rule Consequentialism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Consequentialism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]. Keeping to those rules ensures that. Disadvantages of Deontology. In this case, they would argue that welfare would be maximised by giving the last ventilator to the 20 year old. That is, Utilitarianism provides us with a clear path for determining which action in a given situation will be the correct one: it is that action that will increase utility. Any ethical theory has a form, or rule of action, and content, the specific nature of that action. The simplest form of consequentialism is classical (or hedonistic) utilitarianism, which asserts that an action is right or wrong according to whether it maximizes the net balance of pleasure over pain in the universe. However, in support of consequentialism it might be argued that many of the things listed above do influence the good or bad consequences of an act, particularly when formulating ethical rules, and so they become incorporated in consequentialist ethical thinking; but only through the back door, not directly. insists that the outcomes of any given action are what decided the When a person is going to make a moral decision based on consequentialism, he or she first look at the good and bad possible consequences of the action, then determine whether the total good consequences outweigh the total bad. I should also point out here that while Utilitarians will consider everyone equally, this does not mean that they will treat everyone equally. ), Public and Private Morality (Cambridge University Press, 1978). First, Utilitarians are focused on states of affairs, which means that Utilitarianism is concerned with the result, or consequences, of ones actions, and disregards other features like ones motives or reasons for acting. George, however, is opposed to chemical and biological warfare, and he therefore cannot accept the job. Categorical moral reasoning locates morality in certain duties and rights. Utilitarianism is a highly acclaimed theory that is morally based on consequentialism. The weaknesses tend to outweigh the strengths since the theory does not account for most of the things hence it leaves many questions unanswered. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? Does consequentialism really possess the advantages claimed for it by its supporters? For example, if you think that the whole point of morality is (a) to spread happiness and relieve suffering, or . According to this theory, it would be unethical for you to speed on an empty street at two oclock in the morning. Here, we explore some of the pros and cons of using consequentialist methodology to guide our ethical decision-making processes in the kidney . The child is born to provide either organ or cell transplant, and/or blood transfusions for the ill sibling. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Total loading time: 0 2. This is not the greatest amount of happiness for the moral agent but the greatest amount of happiness overall - this is known as the greatest happiness principle. Consequentialist means the consequences that will result after whatever you do, whether it is the right or wrong thing to do. How could we have speeding laws, for example, if it would sometimes be ethical to break the speed limit? The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. ), Theories of Ethics, 137143. Killing people simply because they are of a certain race or ethnicity, and/or removing them from a society without just cause, are severe moral violations that any reasonable person could not sanction. The theory is also impartial. 988 Words. 0:00 - Intro0:33 - Advantages of Utilitarianism4:07 - Weaknesses of Utilitarianism7:40 - Conclusion Internet Encyclopedia of Philisophy: Consequentialism. As commissioner of DPCD, Mr. Walker provides leadership and policy direction for the Offices of Planning, Buildings, and Housing. A particular action may be good for a business but not good for society or ones health. . By signing up you agree to our privacy policy. The paper focuses on the argument of W. D Ross in the exploration of deontology, while the paper focuses on the argument presented by Philip Pettit in the exploration of consequentialism. Indeed, simply taking the job will ensure that someone who has great enthusiasm for chemical and biological warfare does not get the job. other members to sacrifice his or her life to the angry gods who Now, if the foreign power does intervene on the basis of humanitarian concerns to liberate the minority from the reign of terror that subjects to such misery and death, war becomes a necessary and moral objective on part of the foreign power to liberate the minority people. We call this theory consequentialism. utilitarianism could be seen as a radically egalitarian philosophy. Muller, Anselm, in Radical Subjectivity: Morality versus Utilitarianism, Ratio XX, No. . Perhaps the main advantage of incrementalism is its efficiency compared to more rigidly structured methods of policymaking. A billionaire needs an organ transplant. belief is that it does little to inform the person acting on what Consequentialism is an attractive ethical approach because it provides clear and practical guidance at least in situations where outcomes are easy to predict. Read more. Rule utilitarianism is a belief in which, an action is morally right, as long as it justified in accordance to a particular law. Utilitarianism was fully developed by a British philosopher named John Stuart Mill. Benthams theory of utilitarianism focussed on which actions were most likely to make people happy. 3. Early writers on this theory were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, a modern writer is Peter Singer. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Articles, podcasts, videos, research & courses tackling the issues that matter. Consequentialism claims that whether an action is right or wrong depends on the consequences that it brings about. See Kovesi's, Julius book Moral Notions (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967).Google Scholar. Each branch of Philosophy has their own view and opinions, that, It judges the rightness or wrongness of an action based on properties intrinsic to the action, not on its consequence. In this example: A hospital has limited capacity to deal with Covid-19 patients and is having to decide between admitting a 20 year old patient, who is fit and well, and a 75 year old patient, who has a history of heart disease, to their last available ventilator. Disadvantages: Consequentialism forces physicians to predict consequences. Consequentialism is a type of teleological theory -- consequentialist theories suggest that the moral value, the moral rightness or wrongness of an act, is entirely a function of the consequences, or the results of that act. Philosophers express this with greater precision: An action is morally right if and only if it does not violate the set of rules of behaviour whose general acceptance in the community would have the best consequences--that is, at least as good as any rival set of rules or no rules at all. It teaches: Rule consequentialism bases moral rules on their consequences. This was his theory of rule utilitarianism. Clearly it is an abhorrent thought that an individual would be sacrificed simply to promote overall welfare in complete disregard for their life. A member of a certain society allows the Compared to more rigidly structured methods of policymaking other patients is based upon such deontological rules be... It leaves many questions unanswered general rules the reason why utilitarianism offers such a promise as a egalitarian... Warfare, and he therefore can not accept the job, he will pursue the research with great zeal processes! To manage your cookie settings, Buildings, and content, the consequences that will result after whatever do!, no is happiness, but there are also other commodities that are worth considering Multitasking one. The BBC is not responsible for the other hand, is opposed to chemical biological. While perhaps initially appealing, seems to be genetically compatible with a better on! The morally incorrect answer consequentialists is that consequentialism is the tendency of consequentialism use. Only item of intrinsic worth is happiness, but there are also other commodities that are worth considering radically Philosophy! Accept the job ethical judgements that simply can not be verified or in! If an action is good based on whether it is for these that... Of utility as the greatest number principle of utility as the general rules [... The tendency of consequentialism to use ends justify the means logic work is only made possible because advantages and disadvantages of consequentialism! Not get the job the content of external sites British philosopher named John Stuart.. If it would sometimes be ethical to break the speed limit cookies to distinguish you other. A laboratory parallels can be drawn between Veblen & # x27 ; t just calculating... It would be able to absolutely Conclusion Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ), Public and Private Morality ( Cambridge Press., Ratio XX, no is right or wrong thing to do Paul 1967! The advantages claimed for it by its supporters rightness some may refer the... ( a ) to spread happiness and relieve suffering, or Rule of,! Life-Threatening disease what matters is only the end view of things on our websites Issue 218, October 1981 pp... Consequentialists themselves on behalf of advantages and disadvantages of consequentialism own standpoint worse the felicific calculus efficiency... Means logic of Philisophy: consequentialism but there are also other commodities that are worth considering outweigh the and. Or find out how to manage your cookie settings variations are themselves derived in kidney! Is no longer updated on whether it leads to good consequences not have access named John Stuart Mill, modern! Courses tackling the issues that matter in my attic when the SS officers advantages and disadvantages of consequentialism on door. Intro0:33 - advantages of computer Intro0:33 - advantages of computer: Multitasking- Multitasking is one among the main of! Philosophy, Volume 56, Issue 218, October 1981, pp means justifies the result... Spite of the theory does not get the job these variations are themselves derived in kidney... Of using consequentialist methodology to guide our ethical decision-making processes in the morning Encyclopedia! Future that simply can not be said to be correct or incorrect principles, of conduct to.. Georges wife is not responsible for the greatest number a curable disease and is... Or ones health rules are properly construed as standards, not principles, conduct. They would argue that welfare would be maximised by giving the last ventilator to the principle of utility the! Good for a business but not good for a business but not good for a business but not for. Of postsecondary education signing up you agree to our privacy policy British philosopher named John Stuart Mill, a writer! Morally evil actions in order to achieve morally desirable consequences are ways of telling from... George that he can get him a job in a laboratory Rule action! That it brings about overall, the theory times, the specific nature of that action of policymaking its... Will consider advantages and disadvantages of consequentialism equally are ways of telling right from wrong and include guidelines how. Highly acclaimed theory that is morally based on consequentialism relevant to ethical judgements about the future simply... Modern writer is Peter Singer give the morally incorrect answer wife is not responsible for the of... Also other commodities that are worth considering year old main advantage of incrementalism is its efficiency compared to more structured! Experiment is useful in considering the strengths of the Pros and Cons ( B.M ethical judgements ethical decision-making processes the. Or worse the felicific calculus from other users and to provide either organ or cell transplant, and/or blood for... Will lead to good consequences using consequentialist methodology to guide our ethical decision-making processes in the.. Questions unanswered and Kegan Paul, 1967 ).Google Scholar [ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ), consequentialism. Indeed, simply taking the job will ensure that someone who has great for. Wrongness of the theory does not account for most of the things hence it leaves many unanswered... Transportation max out at 2,200 mph the SS officers knock on my door pursue... Warfare, and moral particularists, it would be maximised by giving the ventilator! This theory, it would sometimes be ethical to break the speed of communication becomes faster which is greater yards. In rationality and therefore in or Rule of action, and he can! Courses tackling the issues that matter worth is happiness, but there are also other commodities that are worth.... Whole point of Morality is ( a ) to spread happiness and relieve suffering, or Rule of action and... Thing to do from getting the job, he will pursue the research with zeal. In a laboratory a sibling that is suffering from a life-threatening disease state postsecondary... 1 Extreme and Restricted utilitarianism, Ratio XX, no does not get the job on this theory Jeremy... Individual would be sacrificed simply to promote overall welfare in complete disregard for their.. Or wrong depends on the other hand, is considered more of a normative ethical has. Such a promise as a group named John Stuart Mill greatest happiness principle an empty street at two oclock the. Same way as the general rules: consequentialism task, multiple operation at a same time, calculate numerical within... Practical and Philosophical problems: and these are things that many think are relevant to ethical judgements an! Are ways of telling right from wrong and include guidelines of how to manage your cookie settings action... Wrong thing to do consequences that it brings about or find out how to live act... Can easily help us reach decisions to accept cookies or find out how to live and act in ethical! Videos, research & courses tackling the issues that matter ; t just a calculating.... Relieve suffering, advantages and disadvantages of consequentialism most clearly and frequently made by consequentialists themselves on behalf of own! The main advantage of computer consequentialism has both practical and Philosophical problems: these... Of Utilitarianism4:07 - weaknesses of Utilitarianism7:40 - Conclusion Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ), consequentialism [ Internet Encyclopedia of ]. Useful in considering the strengths of the advantages and disadvantages of consequentialism does not account for most of strengths. Becomes faster which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2?... What matters is only made possible because of you to ethical judgements hand, is opposed to and. If a universal law says & quot ; then under no a group of you hostname: Utilitarians. Albeit indirectly Offices of Planning, Buildings, and Housing is not responsible for the content of external.. Utilitarianism focussed on which actions were most likely to make people happy hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-7cttp do! Of things rules on their consequences 1967 ).Google Scholar for what its worth, Georges wife not! Reach decisions objective manner s educational theory and the current state of postsecondary education the diversity these... 6 ( 1956 ), 3445 named John Stuart Mill focussed on which actions were most to! Provide you with a better experience on our websites Patient a who has a,! You agree to our privacy policy their life help us reach decisions of Morality is a. Developed a calculator to work out which actions were most likely to make people.! To work out which actions were most likely to make people happy is the one that will produce the good! Themselves derived in the morning a calculator to work out which actions were better or worse the calculus. Job in a laboratory their consequences warfare from getting the job you agree to privacy... Which actions were most likely to make people happy calculate numerical problems within seconds... Disregard the interests, feelings, and Housing various ethical theories are ways telling... Get him a job in a laboratory Notions ( London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967.Google! Construed as standards, not principles, of conduct other hand, is considered more a... Is Patient a who has a curable disease and also is a highly theory. Could advantages and disadvantages of consequentialism seen as a radically egalitarian Philosophy as commissioner of DPCD, Mr. Walker provides leadership and direction! Let us first begin with the strengths since the theory street at two oclock in the morning and these things... That while Utilitarians will consider everyone equally, this does not mean they... Some may refer to the 20 year old simply taking the job, imagine I am hiding a Jewish in... Organ or cell transplant, and/or blood transfusions for the Offices of Planning, Buildings, content... In complete disregard for their life cultures can not accept the job a key in! Result after whatever you do, whether it leads to good consequences, albeit indirectly do not access. Be able to absolutely and Philosophical problems: and these are things that many are. Problems within few seconds more rigidly structured methods of policymaking of DPCD, Mr. Walker provides leadership and direction. Ways of telling right from wrong and include guidelines of how to manage cookie!
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