Kosovo is an ethnic Albanian state unrecognized by UN member Serbia, which claims it, and many other countries that are allies of Serbia. Members have citizenship in the country in which they reside. After World War I, the Western allies drew up plans to create a "Kurdistan," but those were quashed when the Treaty of Lausanne drew up the borders for Turkey out of the old Ottoman Empire, with no provision for this country. The 1967 Six-Day War ended with Israel taking even more territory, including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. A nation, or a people, is usually referred to asqawm in Arabic. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). A concern of any country is how to stay sovereign in the face of forces that may divide its citizens. Kurdistan comprises parts of these countries: of the users don't pass the Stateless Nation quiz! Many, however, never established their own nation state. Each year, the UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award recognizes several individuals, groups or organizations that have shown exceptional dedication in protecting and assisting refugees, internally displaced or stateless people. The Kurds, a non-Arab Iranian ethnic nation of some 30 to 40 million people in their homeland and diaspora, are one of the most often mentioned stateless nations because they had made multiple, unsuccessful attempts to achieve statehood and have suffered discrimination to the level of genocide in some of the countries they live. Nation-states describe a state comprised of a population with over 90 percent of a particular culture. [24] Nationalism is often connected to separatism, because a nation achieves completeness through its independence. (The term "gypsy" comes from the false belief that the Roma originated in Egypt.). Fig. Japan, Iceland, Denmark). 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. Many of the US's hundreds of nations governed their own fully sovereign territory and did not come under US control until the 1800s. Due to the disastrous results of these contacts (e.g., disease, genocide, mass suicide), the Brazilian government often prohibits outsiders from entering Indigenous reserves or making contact, and over 60 groups remain entirely uncontacted. In this FRQ, you can bring in the concept that many African nations are stateless nations due to colonialism. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. Palestinians aren't a homogenous ethnic or religious group like the Kurds and the Rohingya. The classic instance of a stateless nation has been the Jewish people who for long centuries have suffered for lack of a homeland which was only finally made available to them in 1948. United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) Nansen Refugee Award 2023 (US$ 150,000 Prize) Application Deadline: 17 March 2023. For example, a 2012 study estimated that the opportunity cost of volunteers cleaning up beaches around the globe costs around USD 74 . Stateless Nations Examples of Nations Nation-states Japan Denmark Multi-national states China (Tibet) Stateless nations Kurds (in Iraq, Turkey, Iran) Basques (in Spain, France) Divided nations Korea (North and South) Point of View Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria may see the Kurds as unreliable, untrustworthy traitors who want to break apart those countries. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts. The "Pame" of Mexico, who were targets of discrimination, consider the name insulting and prefer to be called Xi'ui. It is the feeling that captures the spirits and emotions of individuals who are able to identify with a particular community or group much larger than themselves. This was deeply opposed by the resident Palestinians, who started mobilizing for war coalitions of Arab nations attacked Israel in 1948 and again in 1967. Israel's illegal annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967 and the Golan Heights in 1981 led to the application of Israeli civil legislation in these occupied territories. C. has established a free-trade zone over much of Western Europe. Keys to Understanding the Middle East: History and Religions of the Middle East, Chapter One : Foundations of the Modern Middle East, Chapter Two: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 1. The Golden Triangle is home to highland tribal groups and ethnic militias that have battled at times with the Thai and Myanmar governments. Regarding the AP Human Geography Exam, the concept of a stateless nation falls under the political organization of space. The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. The Kurdish people are probably the best-known ( and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. As refugees in other countries, they may also be denied a path to citizenship. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. What Palestinians share is the claim that they were displaced from their historical homeland in this case during two Arab-Israeli conflicts in 1948 and 1967. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. Before we go any further, let's clarify some terms: Ethnic groups are named by other groups and also name themselves. They often faced discrimination ranging from denial of citizenship to dispossession of their homelands. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Tim Del Gallo 5/5/22 (extension) Global Conservation UNCLOS Executive Summary The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provided many answers to a confusing question. They are forced to cooperate with other nations who may have different agendas, and this leads to political ineffectiveness and corruption, which currently run rampantly throughout African states. In regions free of border controls, like the Schengen Area in Europe, this is not an issue. Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. (Conflicts often ensue.) Civic nationalism is. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Their residents found themselves declared to be permanent residents - but not citizens - of Israel. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that a third of all stateless people are children and more than 75 percent are members of a minority group. A nationless state or a stateless nation. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. Add to that the fact that the Islamic State is also occupying that region and you can see why this region is, to put it lightly, not in the best shape. The Basque country in northern Spain is similarly a region of deep contention. Palestine is to _______ as ________ is to Serbia. Keep reading to learn more about the terminology of a stateless nation, the significance, and more. [90][91], During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state. This has been at the cost of great suffering: Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons on them in the 1980s, and the Islamic State during its brief reign of terror in the 2010s massacred them in large numbers. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. In Syria, Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1962 when the Syrian government's "Arabization" effort resulted in hundreds of thousands of Kurds being left off a national census and deemed "foreigners" (though some were allowed to acquire Syrian nationality later.) Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Part 4. Religion and Conflict in the Modern Middle East, Part 2. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. Have all your study materials in one place. Political Islam in the Modern World, Part 15. Historically occupied the independent, Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the, The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the. It focused on how problems can occur in ocean space which directly influences many. D. contains countries whose economies complement one another. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Most recently, Kurdish moves for independent states in Syria and Iraq have been foiled, though they have gained substantial autonomy in Syria. As a result, they feel resentment and act out in violence, and some of the biggest conflict hotbeds in the world are because of stateless nations. Starting in the 1980s, members of these groups were denied citizenship in a crackdown on illegal migrants in the region. It is the culmination of laws, educational practices and popular culture that favor the perspectives and interests of the more powerful group. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and become victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, Exploitation of labour and natural resources. People can become stateless through a variety of . Simulate how different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores. There are numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. As you can see, despite the fact that the concept of stateless nations is relatively not as important as compared to other concepts in geographic studies, it is a major key to understanding why the world is the way it is right now. Its people often live in varying degrees of attachment to their original nation. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. The examples are too numerous to list. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University, Chapter Three: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism. The favoring of a united single state is also associated with unionism (Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[32] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, Russian nationalism). The military, aided by Buddhist mobs, responded with a brutal crackdown that included alleged acts of murder, rape and the razing of Rohingya villages. You will most likely be given choices that are descriptions of stateless nations, with you having to choose the correct answer or you will be given the description of a stateless nation, and you have to choose the correct term from the given choices. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa. Malta, national identity and the European Union" (The Sunday Times, December 1, 8 and 15) Professor Godfrey . - Another important reason is the emergence of new states and changes in borders. The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Some 750,000 of them became stateless refugees, having been driven from . Indigenous groups in Latin America often fall into these categories; they may be protected in theory in state constitutions but suffer substantial discrimination in day-to-day life. Better known by the derogatory term "gypsies," the Romani or Roma people have suffered ethnic persecution in Europe for centuries. You'll get your ancestral lands back, you can speak your language, write your own history books, make your own lawsbut there's a catch. Has Democracy Failed in the Middle East? You can say that superimposed boundaries by the European colonial powers, who arbitrarily created borders with utter disregard to existing nations in Africa, left many nations without a state. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the processes which create inequity between groups in a given country. nation both within and outside their families and refugee communities, stateless women in South Asia are experiencing the fallout from COVID-19 in a distinctively stressful way. Learn more about our school licenses here. Papua New Guinea, Brazil, and numerous other countries are inventions of colonialism, so their nations have only recently become subject to a central government. statistical reporting table, to produce the "Total number of stateless people including displaced Rohingya population from Myanmar". Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography student outcomes? Chapter Two: Faith and Religious Identity, Next: The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. "State" refers to a governing structure with sovereignty over a geographical territory. Nations govern de facto ("4th world") independent countries but are not UN members and often with little recognition by other countries. Some say they arrived with the first wave of Muslim inhabitants of the Rakhine state in the ninth century. In addition to practicing Islam in a majority Buddhist country, the Rohingya speak their own language. Certain people do not exclusively feel part of their nation of origin. With thousands of nations in the world and less than 200 countries, the issue of stateless nations is often seen as a sort of Pandora's box from the point of view of the established 193 UN member countries. The Treaty of Westphalia in the 17th Century ended the Thirty Years War and created many of the boundaries in Europe which remain definitive it also gave the right for each territory to choose its own form of worship. Likewise, the word umma, which means community and is used by Muslims to refer to their global community, is also sometimes translated as nation. Frequently Asked Questions about Stateless Nation What is a stateless nation? Best study tips and tricks for your exams. The 2017 conflict began when Rohingya militants attacked police outposts in Myanmar. The new nation state system also created a situation in which many cultural communities in the Middle East became underrepresented minorities. They are within the borders of another state, one that they believe they are so significantly different from as to warrant their state. [23] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism. The stateless Kurd population in Syria was estimated at 300,000 when the Syrian civil war began in 2011. Palestine's case is not unlike other cases where stateless nations have had long-running conflicts with UN-member countries. We will finish by showing how this fits into the AP Human Geography multiple choice and free response question (FRQ) by showing an example, followed by a summary of this entire page. Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). When a community lacks representation in a countrys system of government and/or cultural definition of citizenship, it is sometimes referred to as minoritization. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the process which creates inequity between groups in a given country (see Key Concept below). In the questions about political geography, you can bring in the idea of a stateless nation and use the concept or an example of a stateless nation to add to your answer. Nationalists in the countries where Kurds live tend to see Kurdish cultural identity as a threat to their local nationalism. The Impact of Imperialism on the Region, Part 6. Nomadic groups, for example in the Sahara, often move across international borders without going through border checkpoints. An example of a stateless nation is the Kurds. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. At the same time, many of those, did notpossess a state of their own, and some continue to be without a state. The Jewish people were once a famous "stateless nation" in history, until the creation of Israel in 1948. Your oppressor country is now claiming you are not an actual ethnic group, and you never had any real rights to the land. "5 Large Nations With No Homeland" The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. [10][11] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed). Unlike some of the other states on our list, Thailand appears to be making a serious effort to grant citizenship to its stateless minorities. The Kurdish people are probably the best-known (and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. The history books your country uses tell lies about you. 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